Morphologycal analysis of English Inflectional and Derivational affixes

Morphologycal analysis of English Inflectional and Derivational affixes in “Jakarta Post”        Dosen : Drs.Maftukhin

By :

Nama : Mei Arum Indrani Sayekti

Nim : 11004269

Class : E

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY

2012

A.  Background of study  Morphology

Discussing about Morphology, we can image that morphology is the study of the change in the forms of words. In the fact, there are many basic concept of morphology, elements smaller than words. Before we are making or analyze the sentence be category of kinds of word form, we must know the lexeme. A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set form taken by a single word.

 Morphology is the study of the change in the forms of words, if we learn English we must to know how to make a good sentence. The sentence is consisting of subject and verb, and the sentence will be communicative if we know the verb agreement or concord. Because of morphology is the study of the change in the forms of words, so it is very important to study.

Understand kinds of word is very important, if we will make a good sentence we must know kinds of word, for example the word is classify in adjective, adverb, verb, etc, so we must to know how to make the word concord.

Because of that, I chose the Jakarta Post, to analysis. That is a newspaper with complex sentence, it used journalistic language, and there we will find a lot of sentence, and then we learn to classify the sentence. In this newspaper there are morphemes which are the smallest units of language which have meaning, derivational morpheme or inflectional morpheme. There many things that we can observe or analyze on the newspaper, such as belongs to subject, adjective, adverb, or complement. We more understand if we can analyze the sentence by a word, not only the meaning. Because the journalistic language is different, with if we make own sentence. So it was the challenging to learn more and can improve our vocabulary.

The Jakarta post is not only the one a newspaper which is use English, but I chose it because the newspaper can access online, we can open the link on www.TheJakartaPost.com . There you can read everything, news, sport, business, national, issues, etc.

B.   Morpheme

Definitions

Morpheme is the smallest semantic unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.

• Example: woods have two morphemes. Wood is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme.  Every morpheme is either a base or an affix.  An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix.  Wood is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.

Content morpheme: A morpheme that has a relatively more-specific meaning than a function morpheme; a morpheme that name a concept/idea in our record of experience in the world. Content morphemes fall into the classes of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb.

Function morpheme:  A morpheme that has a relatively less-specific meaning than a content  morpheme; a morpheme whose primary meaning/function is to signal relationship between other morphemes. Function morphemes generally fall into classes such as articles “a”, “the”. Preposition “of”, “at” auxiliary verbs “was eating”, “have slept”, etc.

affix: a morpheme that comes at the beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix) of a base morpheme.  Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannot stand alone.  

·         Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few exceptions areable, like, and less.

base: a morpheme that gives a word its meaning.  The base morpheme wood  gives the word cats its meaning: a particular type of animal.

prefix: an affix that comes before a base morpheme.  The in in the word inspect is a prefix.

suffix: an affix that comes after a base morpheme.  The s in cats is a suffix.

free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word without another morpheme.  It does not need anything attached to it to make a word. Cat is a free morpheme.

bound morpheme: a sound or a combination of sounds that cannot stand alone as a word.  The s in cats is a bound morpheme, and it does not have any meaning without the free morpheme cat.

We can see on this example:

     
     Unladylike - The word unladylike consists of three morphemes and four syllables. Morpheme breaks: un- 'not',  lady '(well behaved) female adult human, and like 'having the characteristics of'.  None of these morphemes can be broken up any more without losing all sense of meaning. Lady cannot be broken up into "la" and "dy," even though "la" and "dy" are separate syllables. Note that each syllable has no meaning on its own.

Dogs- The word dogs consists of two morphemes and one syllable  dog, and  -s, a plural marker on nouns.

Note that a morpheme like "-s" can just be a single phoneme and does not have to be a whole syllable.  

Technique-  The word technique consists of only one morpheme having two syllables. Even though the word has two syllables, it is a single morpheme because it cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful parts

more example of morpheme:

cat    cats    cat+s    catty    cat+y
help    helped    help+ed    unhelpful    un+help+ful
bake    bakery    bak+ery    baker    bak+er
dedicate    dedication    dedicat+ion    rededicate    re+dedicate
 rededicationings    re+dedicat+ion+ing+s
Establish    establishment    establish+ment
       
  The basic formation of words will help us  recognize how the word remains the same but the addition changes the definition of the word. Lets look at how the affixes work in both English and Spanish.

work   works   working  worked
seem   seems   seeming  seemed
live     lives      living        lived         
book    books   booking  booked

Now, lets look at 2 words in Spanish, to sing (canto) and to learn (aprendo)

Canto        cantamos        cantemos

Aprendo    aprendemos    aprendi

Same construct, but different meaning because of the additions made to them.

 C. Inflectional morpheme

Inflectional morpheme: this morpheme can only be a suffix.  The s in cats is an inflectional morpheme.  An  inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. Example: the d in invited  indicates past tense. English has only seven inflectional morphemes:  -s (plural) and -s (possessive) are noun inflections; -s ( 3rd-person singular), -ed ( past tense), -en (past participle), and -ing ( present participle) are verb inflections;  -er (comparative) and -est (superlative) are adjective and adverb inflections.

Inflection: the process by which affixes combine with roots to indicate basic grammatical categories such as tense or plurality (e.g. in ‘cats’, ‘talk-ed’, ‘-s’ and ‘-ed’ are inflectional suffixes. Inflection is viewed as the process of adding very general meaning to existing words, not as the creation of new words.

The best way to remember morphemes is to recognize the two major components of a morpheme, a suffix and prefix.

Prefix - A prefix is a morpheme which can be added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. For example:
inedible
disappear
supermarket
unintentional

Suffix - A suffix is a morpheme that is added to the end of a word. There are two main categories:
a.    An inflectional suffix changes the tense or grammatical status of a word, eg from present to past (worked) or from singular to plural (accidents).
b.    A derivational suffix changes the word class, eg from verb to noun (worker) or from noun to adjective (accidental).

D.   Example of inflection in Jakarta Post:

1.      Who tried to prioritize domestic interests over free trade agreements?

tried include to past tense morpheme because is indicated by suffix –ed added to regular verb.

Because: triedà from word (try) + -ed  à tried (inflection result)

2.      She was ousted from the position last year she is following a string of disagreements with colleagues at the Industry Ministry.

is following include to progressive morpheme.

Because: is following à from word  be + (follow) + -ingà is following (progressive morpheme) this morpheme is placed after be

Colleagues include to example of Plural morpheme.

Because: Colleagues à from a noun Colleague + -s à Colleagues

3.      Indonesia has entered the race for the leadership of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

has entered  include to past participle Morpheme in perfect tense Sentence because past participle morpheme (morpheme {-en}) are added to the verb after the auxiliary verb has, have, or had.

4.      Mari Elka Pangestu to succeed Pascal Lamy when he steps down in August 2013, bringing a second woman and a third continent into the contest.

Steps include to present tense morpheme because inflectional morpheme {-s} to show present tense is needed in the sentence whose subject is singular or uncountable noun.

Because of on the sentence the subject is Pascal Lamy and the pronoun is “he” so verb is plus “-s”.

Step + -s à steps 

5.      Mari Elka Pangestu , currently Indonesia’s tourism and creative economy minister, was a respected figure in the WTO.

Was is the one variants of past tense morpheme, are said to be lexically conditioned. (irregular verb).

Is, am à was   

6.      She was ousted from the position last year following a string of disagreements.

Was ousted include to past participle Morpheme in passive sentence.

Was ousted à be(past) + oust +(-ed) à was ousted

7.      We hope the interests of Indonesia, as well as other emerging economies.

Interests à inter + est +s ( superlative morpheme) à interests

A.   Example of Derivational Prefixes in Jakarta Post

1.      Prefix un- (adjective  à adjective )

1.       “Decent work and decent pay are prerequisites, because its economic performance will be considered unreal if ISO standards in management and human resources development are not fulfilled,” Simanjuntak said. 

2.       They uneducated do not care about it. They just ask how much money I will give them,” Prabowo said.

3.       Many workers without a passport, they were illegal peoples who work in the factory.

4.       Presidential spokesman Mac Maharaj said the physicians caring for Mandela had given no indication of an "imminent discharge" from a hospital in Pretoria.

5.       Her speech was an informal, the audiences understood it.

2.      Prefix in- (noun à noun)

1.      Since taking over Mari’s job in October 2011, has been building various forms of trade barrier to shield Indonesia from an influx of imported goods.

2.      The new leader of the WTO will face the challenge of being the public face of an institution that has been stuck in the midst of stalled negotiations for years.

3.      The incumbent, Limy has referred to himself as a “midwife” who can only help a deal emerge but cannot order agreements.

4.      Several economists say that the increases reflect a needed update of the cheap labor policy of previous decades. 

5.      But nowadays, independent business ventures are popping up, especially in the middle class

3.      Prefix in- (verb-verb)

1.      The case indicted Dougall with possession but later backtracked after Dougall’s husband, Julian Anthony Ponder.

2.      The third British national implicated in the case, confessed to the court that the drug was his.

3.      YB Pehin Dato Hj Suyoi said such measures could be implemented in Brunei if congestion did not improve.

4.      Mandela imprisoned his enemy for 27 years, in South Africa.

5.      The flooding inundated a total of 19 subdistricts in the city, forcing around 7,000 people to evacuate.

4.      Prefix re- (verb à verb)

1.      I  readjust the attempted to overthrow a president. But I failed to do it, and I regret that I failed,” Prabowo said with a chuckle.

2.      The minimum wage for 2013 recommended  by local commissions comprised of workers.

3.      I researched on Indonesia's potential industry, and the answer is creative industry. I choose shoes, because shoe sellers are still rare, and we do love shoes.

4.      “I’m happy. I’m just happy to be reunited with my baby. I have to finish my sentence first, and then I’m going to the UK to be with my baby,” Dougall said.

5.      The minister of Transportation blamed part of the reduced poroductivy at the Porthaven.

5.      Prefix dis- (verbà verb)

1.      She disagrees with colleagues at the Industry Ministry.

2.      Sandiford disclosed that she met Dougall and Beales in Bangkok before she took the flight to Denpasar.

3.      "I am very disappointed that I will not be able to compete this year in Abu Dhabi," he said. "Everything had been prepared.

4.      "At this stage there is no update on his condition and his doctors have given no indication" about when Mandela could be discharged.

5.      Poso Police chief Adj. Sr. Comr. Eko Santoso said that after dismantling the bomb.

6.      Prefix mis- (verbàverb)

1.      His problem was complex, but the counselor misjudges him.

2.      When the teacher was teaching, Obama was sleepy, and then he misunderstands the lesson at that time.

3.      Dr. Changeless charged that its leadership was “riddled with misguided and maladjusted atheist.

4.      It was a common knowledge that Robb had misappropriated funds.

5.      He further claimed that the President had been misinformed by his adviser.

7.             Prefix pre-

1.      Indonesia’s neighbors are also being pressured to pay workers higher, including Vietnam, which employers often refer to as a more competitive place to invest compared to Indonesia.

2.      Tokov speaking through an interpreter predicted that unless.

3.      Asked for a preview of the agenda.

4.      “This conference is a prelude to peace,” he continued.

5.      Later in the day in a separate interview, the UDR representative A.F.Kooler indicated.

8.         Prefix a-(adjectiveàadjective)

1.      ASII’s share price closed at Rp 7,600 (79 US cents) on Friday, a 0.66 percent rise on the day. On year to date basis and adjusted price following a stock split last June, ASII only inched up 2.7 percent on the close of last year’s trading.

2.      The unfinished obituary appeared on Der Spiegel's website for only a few minutes Sunday before it was spotted by Internet users and remove.

3.      At best apathetic in its support of antipollution measures.

   

9.              Suffix –er (verbà noun)

1.      Where he was supposed to be Spain's flag bearer at the opening ceremony.

2.      The 11-time Grand Slam winner and former top-ranked player said his knee has improved over the last two months after making frustratingly little progress during the summer.

3.      Although there has been no witness saying John was involved in the drugs business, the judges believe that because many Nigerians are drugs dealers, so is my client. This is unfair,” Taufik said.

4.       It was necessary to avoid abuse, with too many unemployed people ready to fill the jobs of complaining workers.

5.      Shares in cigarette manufacturer HM Sampoerna (HMSP), for example, rose 53 percent, gas distributor Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGAS) 44 percent, cement maker Semen Gresik (SMGR) 38 percent.

10.  Suffix –ment (verbànoun)

1.      Mandela was hospitalized on Dec. 8. He was diagnosed with a lung infection and also had gallstone surgery; officials have said his condition has improved and that he was responding to treatment.

2.      Nadal acknowledged his withdrawal would be a disappointment to fans and the tournament, which is due to feature top-ranked Novak Djokovic and No. 3-ranked Andy Murray of Britain, but emphasized that it was not prompted by his knee injury.

3.      “Decent work and decent pay are prerequisites, because its economic performance will be considered unreal if ISO standards in management.

4.       And human resources development are not fulfilled,” Simanjuntak said. 

5.      In early December, its government agreed to an increase by 16 to 18 percent, or between US$79

11.  Suffix –ness (adjectiveànoun)

1.      Taufik expressed optimism, saying several people had vouched for John’s cleanness from drugs, his integrity and religiosity. 

2.      He earned money from his small catering business and could afford to rent a humble apartment in Kemayoran.

3.      In addition to counseling, WARGAS has also established a discussion group to provide a forum for any party to take part in HIV/AIDS prevention and awareness programs.

4.      The border service has come under close scrutiny in Kazakhstan since the killings, which many argued showed the lack of readiness and professionalism among serving troop.

5.       

12.  Suffix ion- (verbànoun)

1.      His lawyer Taufik, among advocates against capital punishment, said the clemency to save his client’s life was still under consideration.

2.      In Cipinang prison, he met another Nigerian arrested for drug possession.

3.      Police then arrested John, who said he experienced ordeals during interrogation.

4.      Irianto Simbolon, the director general of industrial relations and social security affairs at the Manpower and Transmigration Ministry, said that the minimum wage, first implemented in 1963 under Sukarno, was aimed at providing a social safety net.

5.      He said the increases were a starting point for ending the nation’s cheap labor policy and to implement ILO Convention No. 131/1970 on the minimum wage and other basic conventions, such as those covering overtime compensation, equal treatment, decent work and pay. 

B.   Adjective-Forming Suffixes

Adjective-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to adjectives. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which from adjective.

1.      Suffix -able (verbàadjective)

1.      John came from his apartment to witness the raid. He was shocked when the police found a considerable amount of drugs under the mattress.

2.      Trisakti University urban planner Yayat Supriatna said that increased traffic would be inevitable next year if construction of the transportation infrastructure took place.

3.      This year also saw the government-sponsored Indonesia Film Festival become the subject of controversy rather than prestige, from the reputed Rp 16 billion to stage the festival, which several observers felt was not comparable with the perceived quality of the results and the winners of its Citra Award.

4.      Making them easily detectable by new airport.

5.      A decision to require the implantation of recognizable impurities.

2.      Suffix –ful (nounàadjective)

1.      Analysts agreed, saying that her trade policies had been way too open and liberal, with the 56-year-old economist was unsuccessful in plugging the influx of imported goods from Indonesia’s trading partners.

2.      Generous donations have been pouring in from thoughtful citizen everywhere.

3.      Suffix –en (adjectiveàverb)

1.      The MRT construction works will include land procurement and road widen in 2012

2.      A wooden table is unique.

4.      Suffix –ify

a.      (adjectiveà verb)

1.      This will help to unify the three nations on a multitude.

2.      Brought forth a new witness to testify against Solo.

5.      Suffix less- (nounàadjective)

a.     He said Tourism Minister Ng Yen Yen, her ministry as well as the private sector had also tireless to promote the country.

b.    Ngurah, who passed away on Oct. 16, 2003, was known as one of Bali’s brightest minds and was a father figure for Indonesians — as well as a countless number of foreign — students who wanted to explore the island’s intricate cultural and social tapestry. 

c.     Cinemas that stand alone, unless their location is very good, tend to get less visitors,” explained Catherine Keng, corporate secretary of 21cineplex cinema chain.

d.      In it, the magazine's New York correspondent described Bush as "a colorless politician" whose image only improved when it was compared to the later presidency of his son, George W. Bush.

e.       The Sunday Times, a South African newspaper that is not part of the media group that owns IOL, also said Mandela was likely to spend Christmas in hospital care. It did not cite a source. The newspaper quoted Maharaj as saying that rumors of a rapid deterioration in Mandela's health were "completely false and baseless.

6.     Suffix-ize (nounàverb)

1.      Most of the highly capitalize companies, known as big caps or bluechips at the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), ended the year with big bangs with most prices rising between 20 and 50 percent.

2.      The past ten years has terrorized the provincial city of Los Gatos.

3.      That Solo had managed to centralize a chain of growers.

C.    Adverb –forming suffixes
--ly (adjectiveàadverb)

1.      The company’s director and corporate secretary Hermawan Tarjono said in Jakarta on Friday that about 25 percent of the capex funds would be used to finance its newly acquired broadband multimedia business.

2.      Most of the highly capitalized companies, known as big caps or bluechips at the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), ended the year with big bangs with most prices rising between 20 and 50 percent.

3.      Urban planners and transportation experts have agreed that 2013 will be a critical year for the new city administration to implement what they have carefully planned if they indeed aim to end massive traffic jams crippling Southeast Asia’s largest metropolitan area.

4.      Laskar Pelangi (Rainbow Troops), for instance, traveled around many places to allow more people to watch. “Our population is around 250 million and not all of them are comfortably off and able to watch a movie in the malls,” Mira says. 

5.      As early as January, some of those buses will be allowed to use the certain BRT lanes, and drop-off and pick-up passengers at its shelters. 

Conclusion

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful units of language. They are meaningful because they have either lexical or grammatical meaning. Morpheme can be classified into two namely free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are those which can meaningfully stand alone while bound morpheme are the morpheme which cannot meaningfully stand alone. It means that bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morpheme is also called affixes which can be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes or the part speech or both English only has prefix and suffixes. In English all prefixes are derivation but most of the prefixes in English do not change part of speech. Only several prefixes change the part of speech, however most derivational English suffixes change part of speech. Only small number of suffixes do not change part of speech.

The English prefixes which change the part of speech, for example, are en-, which changes the bases into verb, en- which change the noun to verb and a-which change a noun to adverb. The other prefixes which do not change the part of speech are un-, in, dis-, re-, mis-, pre-, and a-. The English suffixes which change part of speech, can be noun-forming suffixes such as –er, -ment , -ness and –ion; adjective-forming suffixes such as –full and –less, verb-forming suffixes such as –en,- ify and –ize and adverb forming suffixes such as –ly.